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La legislación laboral en Puerto Rico continúa ampliando las protecciones relacionadas con licencias por enfermedad y medidas disciplinarias en el empleo. La Ley 60-2018 introdujo nuevas limitaciones sobre la manera en que los patronos pueden considerar ausencias justificadas al evaluar empleados, imponer disciplina o tomar decisiones relacionadas con ascensos y retención.
La Nueva Prohibición
El P. de la C.96 que intentaba prohibir a empleadores tomar medidas disciplinarias contra trabajadores por uso excesivo de licencia por enfermedad se convirtió en la ley 60-2018. La nueva ley enmienda el Artículo 6 de la Ley 180-1998, “Ley de Salario Mínimo, Vacaciones y Licencia por Enfermedad de Puerto Rico”, para prohibir a los patronos del sector privado, utilizar las ausencias por enfermedad que sean justificadas, como criterio de eficiencia de los empleados en el proceso de evaluación anual de éstos.
Cambios a la Ley 180-1998
Dispone ahora el Artículo 6 de la Ley 180-1998, lo siguiente:
“Artículo 6.-Disposiciones sobre vacaciones y licencia por enfermedad
(a) …
(o) El disfrute de la licencia por enfermedad no excusa del cumplimiento con aquellas normas de conducta válidamente establecidas por el patrono, como lo son las de asistencia, puntualidad, certificaciones médicas si la ausencia excede de dos (2) días laborables e informes periódicos sobre la continuación de la enfermedad. Las certificaciones médicas exigidas aplicarán también a las enfermedades o condiciones de los hijos, los cónyuges y los padres del empleado, así como en el caso de los menores, las personas de edad avanzada o con impedimentos bajo su custodia o tutela legal, según dispuesto en el inciso (n) de esta Ley.
(p) Ningún patrono, supervisor o representante de éstos, podrá utilizar, como parte del procedimiento administrativo de su empresa o como política de la misma, las ausencias por enfermedad que sean justificadas, como criterio de eficiencia de los empleados en el proceso de evaluación de éstos, si es considerado para aumentos o ascensos en la empresa para la cual trabaja. Tampoco considerará las ausencias por enfermedad, cargadas correctamente a la licencia de enfermedad, para justificar acciones disciplinarias tales como suspensiones o despidos.”
Posición del Legislador
Para el legislador resultaba “contradictorio que la misma ley que le concede al trabajador el derecho a disfrutar de una licencia por enfermedad, permita al patrono penalizarlo por ejercer el mismo”. También consideró el legislador que “pretender que un ciudadano asista a trabajar en condiciones de salud adversas, podría violar los derechos civiles y constitucionales del individuo; y que el empleador tenía “mecanismos para verificar si un empleado está utilizando adecuadamente el derecho a la licencia por enfermedad, como, por ejemplo, investigar la veracidad de la excusa médica o buscar una segunda opinión médica”.
Implicaciones para Patronos
Más allá del impacto inmediato sobre evaluaciones de desempeño y medidas disciplinarias, la ley obliga a los patronos a revisar cuidadosamente políticas internas relacionadas con asistencia, ausentismo, documentación médica y procesos disciplinarios para evitar posibles reclamaciones laborales. La letra de la Ley 60-2018 sugiere que pueden existir circunstancias en las cuales un patrono sí pueda tomar en consideración ausencias justificadas por enfermedad. Si la intención legislativa hubiese sido prohibir toda consideración de dichas ausencias, no habría limitado expresamente la prohibición a evaluaciones relacionadas con ascensos, aumentos salariales y medidas disciplinarias.
Las controversias relacionadas con licencias por enfermedad, disciplina laboral, acomodos y evaluaciones de empleados frecuentemente involucran complejos asuntos de cumplimiento bajo las leyes laborales de Puerto Rico. Puede obtener más información sobre nuestros servicios relacionados con leyes laborales y de empleo en Puerto Rico y litigios y reclamaciones laborales en Puerto Rico.
Si su empresa necesita orientación relacionada con políticas de asistencia, medidas disciplinarias, licencias por enfermedad o cumplimiento laboral en Puerto Rico, resulta importante evaluar oportunamente las obligaciones impuestas por la legislación laboral vigente. Para una consulta confidencial sobre asuntos laborales y litigios en Puerto Rico, puede contactarnos aquí.