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Muchas pequeñas y medianas empresas en Puerto Rico utilizan contratos y documentos estandarizados para agilizar transacciones comerciales y reducir gastos legales. Sin embargo, el uso indiscriminado de modelos obtenidos del internet o preparados sin atender las particularidades de la relación comercial puede terminar generando ambigüedad, incumplimientos y litigios costosos.
Típicamente la persona en la empresa a cargo de negociar el acuerdo identifica algún modelo de documento estandarizado en el internet (el llamado boilerplate) que se asemeje a la transacción y luego lo modifica para su negocio particular. Esta práctica es contraproducente pues además de elevar el riesgo de entrar en una relación comercial con unas reglas de juego inciertas, incrementan la posibilidad de litigio por disputas contractuales.
La práctica es además riesgosa por varias razones, entre las cuales les presento las siguientes:
El modelo que la empresa obtuvo puede estar preparado para dar ventaja – muchas veces de manera disimulada-a una de las partes y si es para la parte contraria, la empresa estaría adoptando un documento desventajoso.
- Los acuerdos bien redactados tienen clausulas congruentes las unas con las otras. Si se modifican sin el conocimiento necesario se puede anular las ventajas del documento, generar ambigüedad en el propósito de acuerdo incluso causar que se anule el mismo.
- Cuando los términos y condiciones de un contrato son claro y específicos, y no dan margen a ambigüedades o diferentes interpretaciones, debe hacerse la voluntad de las partes. En ausencia de ambigüedad, las cláusulas del contrato son obligatorias para las partes a menos que sus disposiciones sean contrarias a la moral, el orden publico o contravengan alguna ley. Si la empresa desconoce las leyes que afectan su sector comercial, puede estar acordando asuntos que no son validos y poniendo en riesgo su relación comercial.
- La doctrina de contra preferentem especifica que, cuando un término en un contrato permanece ambiguo después de aplicar otras reglas de interpretación, los tribunales interpretan el término de la manera menos favorable para la parte que redactó la disposición. Si usted es la parte con mayor poder de negociación le irá en contra cualquier ambigüedad escrita.
- Cuando hay ambigüedad en las cláusulas y duda sobre lo que se acordó, cualquier litigio relacionado probablemente se tendrá que ver en un juicio (o transigir); esto debido a que un juez no puede simplemente leer el documento y resolver. Tendrá que escuchar el testimonio de las partes y decir que fue lo que estas realmente acordaron.
- Cuando un contrato es defectuoso, las alternativas legales ante un litigio se limitan considerablemente; ello porque el abogado tiene que manejar un contrato que ya se negoció y firmó. Po más hábil que sea su representante legal, el documento está ahí- firmado.
- Hay veces que el cliente le entrega el documento al abogado para que lo revise y eso frecuentemente toma más tiempo que redactarlo de un principio; particularmente si requiere revisiones.
Tener documentos proforma ayudan a mantener un control de calidad y a agilizar la redacción de los acuerdos, pero estos documento estándar, no debe simplemente salir de un formato que usted obtuvo del internet y luego
le cambio algunas partes. La estandarización debe ser producto de una cuidadosa elaboración de cláusulas integradas entre sí y basadas en la transacción particular, el poder de negociación y el lado en que se encuentra la empresa en el negocio
comercial y jurídico.
La preparación adecuada de contratos comerciales puede resultar determinante para reducir riesgos, evitar ambigüedades y proteger adecuadamente los intereses de la empresa dentro de la relación comercial. Puede obtener más información sobre nuestros servicios relacionados con contratos comerciales y corporativos en Puerto Rico y controversias contractuales.
Si su empresa necesita orientación sobre contratos comerciales, revisión de acuerdos o controversias contractuales en Puerto Rico, resulta importante evaluar cuidadosamente la estructura y redacción de sus documentos legales. Para una consulta confidencial sobre contratos y asuntos comerciales en Puerto Rico, puede contactarnos aquí.